Cendres Duse Film 1916

Eleonora Duse dans Cendres (A. Ortalli 1916)
Eleonora Duse dans Cendres (par A. Ortalli 1916)

Dulcis in fundo.

Il me reste à vous parler d’un grand film, d’une grande maison et de la plus grande parmi les artistes.

Vous devinez que le film est Cendres, tiré du roman célèbre de Grazia Deledda (édité en France par Callmann-Lévy), le peintre et l’illustrateur émouvant et parfait de la Sardaigne, de ses lieux, de ses costumes et de ses coutumes. Depuis vingt ans Grazia Deledda produit sans relâche et ses œuvres l’ont classée parmi les grands auteurs, D’Annunzio – Verga – Fogazzaro, parmi les plus franchement nationaux, les révélateurs de l’âme italienne.

Et Grazia Deledda a été comprise aussi par les étrangers, français et anglais spécialement, et ses romans ont eu des nombreuses traductions en toutes les langues.

Cendres, dont nous croyons superflu donner ici l’analyse, se prete admirablement à l’adaptation à l’écran. Et nous avons lieu de croire que le puissant écrivain soit entièrement satisfait de la réussite du film, œuvre d’art des plus saisissantes.

La grand maison éditrice… cela va sans dire, c’est l’Ambrosio, la vieille et solide « Società Anonima Ambrosio », dont on a beaucoup trop inexactement parlé ces temps derniers et qui lance en ce moment toute une collection de chef d’œuvres littéraires et dramatiques.

Son directeur artistique, le chevalier Arturo Ambrosio, est le doyen de nos metteurs en scène, un pionnier infatigable et plein d’initiative de l’art cinématographique.

L’interprète se nomme… Eleonora Duse. Oui, parfaitement ! Duse, la grande, la très-grande, celle qui a atteint le sommet le plus inaccessible de l’art dramatique, celle qu’on ne saurait atteindre. La Duse, en un mot !

Avec la collaboration d’un acteur merveilleux, Febo Mari, la Duse a elle même dirigé la mise en scène de Cendres. Elle en a eut les soucis matériels en même-temps que la responsabilité morale…

C’est tout dire pour tous ceux que savent le grand amour que la reine des tragédiennes modernes a pour les réalisations artistiquement parfaites.

La Duse-Film (Édition Ambrosio), va lancer Cendres sans grand fracas de réclame, sans battre la grosse caisse, sans vouloir attirer d’aucune façon l’attention du public sur ses œuvres.

C’est d’autant plus un devoir pour nous de dire quelle noblesse de sentiments a inspiré Eleonora Duse pour la mise à l’écran de l’un de ses rêves poétiques.

L’entrée de la Duse en cinématographie est pour notre industrie un jour de gloire, une date à marquer sur la pierre blanche. L’idole des foules, le cygne à la voix d’or est aussi une souveraine du geste et possède une force d’expression inimitable.

Que de fois j’ai désiré la voir paraître sur l’écran, la grande, émouvante créatrice des rôles les plus fameux: la Cesarina aux yeux ardents, à la bouche prometteuse; la Mirandolina au gai et frais sourire; la Settala exorbitante; la Nora dédaigneuse; l’Hedda Gabler désespérée et taciturne; la Marguerite Gauthier surhumaine que de la renaissance à la vie par l’amour tombe en la tristesse de l’abandon meurtrier…

Ou, comme un grand poète italien, qui depuis longtemps nous a quittés, je voulais vous voir mourir encore… comme vous savez mourir, Eleonora, pâle amie de la mort, femme de Claude, Frou Frou, Fedora… Vous qui savez réaliser la mort multiple et toujours plus réelle que nature…

La mort est multiforme: elle change de masque
Et d’habit, plus souvent qu’une actrice fantasque…

Elle sait se farder, la mort ! — Vous savez mourir, Eleonora, sans fard. De cent façons, mais comme on ne meurt qu’une fois !

A ceux qui me disent que l’écran ne nous donnera pas votre voix musicale qui est une si grande partie de votre charme d’attrice, je réponds que je me contenterai bien de l’expression harmonique, vraie, de votre sensibilité si grande, de votre psychologie si féminine!

Et maintenant le miracle est accompli; Desdemona, Paula, Elettra, les séduisants souvenirs de ma mémoire fidèle, les charmants mirages de ma fantaisie qui vous appelait encore… passent sur l’écran en une marche triomphale vers la gioire définitive. Je vous ai vue, et l’on vous verra en Cendres !

Cendres ?

Une créature humaine, que la peine tourmente, vit dans la lointaine île des nuraghi, des domos de janas, des cavernes surplombées par le dôme bleuâtre et argenté du Gennargentu. C’est Rosalie.

Quoi d’autre ?

Un nom, une forme, une larve. — Rien.

Vit-elle ? — Elle meurt, plutôt, un petit peu plus chaque jour: son rime brille sa prison de chair, sa « guenille », fatiguée, seule, éperdument seule dans les immenses tancas, larve ignorée dans la solitude infinie. Atome perdu, pierre parmi les pierres, souffrance muette et épouvantable, incrustée au sol dans les sillons labourés, dans les landes incultes…

Personne ne connais sa douleur; ses larmes s’essuient tout seules !… Personne ne la voit pleurer.

Et pourtant là bas, derrière les montagnes, au delà de la plaine, au delà de la mer bleue et perfide, très loin, on ne sait où, sur le continent pourtant si proche, éloigné d’elle par les différences de la vie, un jeune homme — il a vingt ans ! — se consomme intérieurement avec des folles pensées, dans un lancinant souvenir !

« Que fera-t-elle ? Ou peut-elle bien être ? Pourquoi; pourquoi m’a-t-elle quitté ? ».

Gutta cavat lapidem: se sont des demandes, des mots, des gouttes… Et elles tombent, elles tombent, les gouttes, et elles fouillent, elles creusent l’âme…

Comment pourra-t-il s’élancer dans le tourbillon et saisir à pleines mains toutes les offres de la vie s’il n’a pas trouvé de réponse à ces questions? Ainsi poussé par cette anxiété originaire, Anania laisse le tumulte de la vie de Rome et fais retour à son île solitaire, pour chercher…

Il interroge les fossés et les rochers, les sentes ombragées et les nuages mouvants…

Toutes les femmes qui lui apparaissent — penchées sur les gerbes dorées ou droites sur le seuil des maisonnettes, ombres noires sur l’étincellement des rouges foyers, peuvent être celle qu’il recherche. Son cœur bat la chamade: « Elle ! — C’est elle ?… ».

Il pense qu’elle est peut être tout prêt de lui, à quelques pas, derrière ce petit mur, au delà de certe haie de figuiers d’Inde, dans le maquis qui côtoyé la route. Les hommes sont sourds et aveugles et tâtonnent dans les ténèbres… Et celle qui a été Olì, créature de désirs et de liberté, et qui est, maintenant, Rosalie… créature d’humilité et de douleur, marche, va… en portant sa croix, tout le long des chemins des hommes. As-t-elle souvenance ? Qu’est-ce-que elle espère ? Un jour, la rencontre. Vie contre vie, front à front: la même chair, si différente ! Et c’est l’angoisse, la pitié, l’orgueil, la passion qui s’entrecroisent follement, s’entrechoquent dans
un souffle tourmenté d’espoirs, vainement… Enfant ! enfant ! enfant !

Puis, le chemin de l’existence; inexorable.

Pourquoi donc ce don si grand, la vie, si, maintenant, il la traine, fatalement, dans l’ombre.

Il faut qu’il soit libre, — comme Olì — l’enfant d’Olì !

Et Olì, créature de désirs, donnera à Anania sa vie, ainsi, silencieusement, humble héroïne, — comme un jour, dans un champ là bas, elle donna sa jeunesse à un autre Anania… qui n’est point celui-ci et qui pourtant lui ressemble.

Ainsi… Mon fils !

Un trésor magnifique, la vie. Mais seulement quand un autre trésor lui donne toute sa valeur; un grand trésor: la liberté !

Rosalie, la pauvre femme taciturne qui ne sait rien, ne l’ignore pas.

Et elle peut mourir… Et les fossés, les nuages, les sentes ombragées et fleuries verront passer encore une fois la vagabonde …

La vagabonde qui, vraiment maintenant, reposera enfin: pierre entre les pierres, terre dans la terre, poussière, flamme en cendre parmi les cendres infinies de l’univers.

Cendres ?

Un triptyque.

L’ombre — la larve — la chair.

Et un autre trinôme, aussi: et des plus lumineux… Ambrosio, Deledda, la Duse !

Comment parler maintenant des paysages de Sardaigne, des costumes, de la beauté visive du film ?

De la bonne photo de « Ambrosio » de l’habileté de Febo Mari qui a si honnêtement collaboré avec la grande tragédienne ?

Cendres c’est la Duse en film.

Un point. C’est tout.

Roland De Beaumont
(La Vita Cinematografica, 22-30 settembre 1916)

I grandi cinema: Cinema Quirinale

Cinema Quirinale 1927
Cinema Quirinale 1927

Roma, 1927. Sembrano tempi preistorici quelli in cui in una specie di spelonca trogloditica, tinta, abitualmente, al sangue di porco; gli spettatori — in massima parte balie, soldati e ragazzi — accomodati in certe specie di sedie alla Fuller, si beavano di incongrue avventure a lungo metraggio al suono di un’apocalittica spinetta.

Sembrano tempi preistorici, e non sono che dieci o quindici anni. Oggi il Cinematografo — Arte giovane e immediata, ma complessa nella costruzione e di linguaggio universale — richiama tutti i pubblici e tutti i pubblici deve accontentare. Sono sorti così i Cinema-teatri sempre più imponenti, sempre più confortables, sempre più accoglienti, con orchestre sempre più numerose e dirette da maestri specializzati, con installazioni tecniche sempre più perfette. Ed era necessità, che difficile è richiamare e, sopratutto, conservarsi il pubblico. Per buona fortuna l’Italia non è in coda alle altre nazioni in questo campo, e molti cinematografi delle principali città italiane sono molto superiori a quelli parigini.

Gran merito di questa marcia all’avvenire, va alla Società Suvini-Zerboni-Cinema, di cui è anima il Cons. Conte Camillo Gianuzzi-Savelli, eccellentemente coadiuvato dal Direttore Generale Avv. Edmondo Sacerdoti. Il piccolo dinamico Conte Gianuzzi è troppo conosciuto nel mondo cinematografico per descriverne qui la volontà retta e decisa come una bella spada.

La Suvini-Zerboni raggiunge la perfezione in ogni particolare del suo delicato organismo, e per la volontà degli animatori e sopratutto, perché non è affettata da elefantiasi — malattia comune alla maggior parte dei grandi trusts cinematografici di tutto il mondo; sì che l’occhio sagace a amoroso dei dirigenti abbraccia, sì, il panorama dell’azienda ma ne scruta e cura altresì le minuzie apparentemente insignificanti e che invece rappresentano elementi indispensabili di successo, come tanti oscuri soldatini ben comandati.

È per questo che la Suvini-Zerboni possiede in Italia una ventina di Cinema-modello, nei quali la programmazione — in chiaro regime di libertà, — viene predisposta con intuito acutissimo, le orchestre rispondono ai più moderni criteri del cinematografo-arte, in cui non si sfrutta lo spettatore come si spreme un limone, ma lo si alletta rendendolo un affezionato cliente; in cui tutte quelle grandi cose che rendono dilettevole un ritrovo — aerazione, comodità di posti, pulizia generale, riscaldamento, decori stabili e floreali, presentazione chiara precisa e a passo normale del film ecc. ecc. — vengono curate con attenzione quasi diremmo pedantesca.

Ed è così che il Cinema Quirinale di Roma — sorto che non è un anno — si è già acquistata fama de locale serio ed elegante; e la giovane Società, non paga dei primi successi, compierà ben presto la costruzione di un nuovo Cinema a Napoli, il Cinema Regina, che va sorgendo ex novo sulle fondamenta dell’antico glorioso Teatro Rossini.
(Cinema-Teatro, settembre 1927)

Il Cinema Quirinale (o quel che resta del Cinema Quirinale) nel 2014: Restauro ex-Cinema Quirinale

Ramon Novarro Looks Back

Ramon Novarro
Ramon Novarro

Novarro opens the book of his past. Here are strange revelations.

It happened in an Automat restaurant in New York about thirteen years ago. The weather was cold and snow had recently fallen. ‘Twas the night before Christmas and all through the house plenty of creatures were stirring—especially after the theaters had closed.

Among the bus boys, whose duties included clearing the tables when patrons finished eating, was a young Mexican who spoke broken English.

From time to time his bright black eyes turned anxiously toward the clock, not because he was a shirker and wished to go home, but because he had never before missed a midnight mass on Christmas Eve, and the hour was drawing near.

Earlier in the evening the boss had told him that il by twelve o’clock the crowd had thinned be might go then, instead of working until three a. m., as he ordinarily did.

Eleven thirty, eleven forty-five, and still people lingered over their coffe, talking. The boy watched them anxiously. As soon as a customer put down his empty cup he seized it and whisked it away to the kitchen. And as he hurried about clearing the tables he kept thinking about midnight mass.

At eleven fifty-five he asked permission to leave. The answer was no. There were too many customers, the manager told him, not unkindly.

So Ramon Novarro missed bis first Christmas Eve mass. To you or me the incident might seem unimportant. To Ramon it was a minor tragedy.

“But I thought,” said he, “Well, I did the best I could, so that’s all there is to it.’ ”

Folded up on a divan in the Metro-Goldwyn reception room he told me something of those lean early years. He looked rather tired, but his low-pitched voice was full of verve and interest — and music ! He speaks rapidly, seldom having to hesitate, over his choice of words.

“My salary,” he continued, “was so small that I could hardly live on it. I ate one meal a day, in the afternoon before going on duty. But every night, just before I left, I stole an apple and are it for breakfast next morning.

“I was with the Marion Morgan dancers then, but we were between engagements. For several hours during the middle of each day we rehearsed and then I went to the Automat. Finally our show was to open for a three-day try-out in Mt. Vernon, before we were to bring it to New York. I had to give up my job at the Automat, although I had been promised two dollars a week increase.

“When we got to Mt. Vernon I had just one dollar left in the world. Alter the first-night performance, I wondered whether I should spend the money for a room or buy supper. I could do one or the other, but not both. As l’had had almost nothing to eat that day, I decided to spend it for food. Alter that I went back to the theater and persuaded the doorman to let me go inside.

“Charwomen were scrubbing the stage. I found a couch off to one side and lay down, spreading my mackintosh over my body. My overcoat was in the pawnshop.

“While I lay there trying to sleep, I could hear those women sweeping, sweeping, sweeping. When I was about half asleep, one of them came over to me and very gently drew the mackintosh over me again, as it was sliding off. I shall always remember her kindness.

“Soon after that we received our salary. When I got back to New York I went to the Automat and paid the manager for the apples I had stolen. It amounted to one dollar and seventy-five cents, I believe.”

When the dancing troupe returned to Los Angeles, Ramon got a number of local engagements, one of which was in a prologue at the California Theater. To-day it houses all the Spanish pictures from the studios. There Ramon’s “In Gay Madrid” and “Call of the Flesh” were shown.

When Ramon and his partner appeared there about eleven years ago they looked like a couple of school kids. Dressed in the minimum of clothing, they performed a beautiful but sensuous dance which Ramon described as “dirty.” Later they were engaged to appear in Ben Turpin’s “A Small-town Idol.” This number, I believe, was also dirty.

“Then,” said Ramon, “we were engaged to do a dance in another picture, our sketch being called ‘Loose Lovers.’ When it was finished it was found to be so loose that it was taken out !”

Ramon lifted his black brows and laughed until his molars showed. His naughty dancing appears very amusing to him now. Probably it did at the time it was in progress. Trust him to see any humor there is to be seen.

“In one of the early pictures that I worked in,” said he, placing a pillow on the arm of the divan and leaning against it, “I had to assume the character of a wild man and do a dance, very fast and difficult, and then pick up my partner, run off the stage on my toes and throw her down to a floor below. There were cushions for her to fall on, of course. We went through it, alter a few rehearsals, and I was so intense and thorough that I was about to collapse when it was over.

“The director wanted us to go through with it again but I said, ‘The wild man is fainting!’ and slumped down for a rest. Imagine a wild man fainting!” Ramon doubled with laughter at the memory of this incident.

On another occasion he and his partner were engaged to dance on a mirror-topped table. The reflection of their lithe painted bodies doubtless would have been very picturesque, but when Ramon sprang upon the mirror it split clear across.

Ramon, being plenty smart, has a lively respect for money. Experience has taught him that it is a very comforting commodity to have about. After several lean years he got a job dancing at a salary of twenty-five dollars a day.

“I had to make up my entire body twice a day,” he told me, “but for that much money I would have made up every five minutes.”

Ramon is fascinated with directing the French and Spanish versions of his pictures, though serving as both director and star is hard work, particularly in the French productions.

“I don’t speak French as well as I speak English and Spanish, and for days I spend from six to eight hours perfecting the dialogue for the French versions.

“When I am acting and directing a picture, the responsibility gives me insomnia. I often lie awake all night, tossing and turning.”

We got onto the subject of religion and idly I asked how he managed his work during the three hours of Good Friday when people of the Catholic faith are expected to keep silent.

“Why, I work,” he answered. “Before I left Mexico a priest gave me a memento inscribed with the words, ‘What is prayer but doing one’s best?’ And that is what I try always to do — my very best.”

Ramon is the soul of kindness and good will. People at the studio will tell you how he uses almost every holiday as an excuse to bring presents or remembrances to all those with whom his work brings him in contact. At Easter time he called at each of the offices and left a colored egg for the person working there. Kind words and deeds are instinctive with him, and no courtesy or kindness from others is ever lost on Ramon.

“When my brother died,” said he, his gayety all vanished, “and the funeral procession drove along the streets, some of the men took off their hats as we passed. I was so grateful to them. I wanted to tell them so. Those little things mean so much.

“Months before my brother died, the doctors told me he could not live, but I didn’t believe them. I kept thinking that something would save him. He died on Friday and on Sunday I went to church. When a member of the church dies, the priest always asks for prayers for the soul of the departed. I had never thought much about it before, just knelt and prayed with the rest of the congregation. But when prayers for my brother were asked from the pulpit that day, I just fell on my knees and prayed my heart out. We never realize what death is until it strikes in our own family.”

Ramon himself brought up the subject of fan loyalty, though not premeditatedly, I know, for our talk happened on the spur of the moment.

“It seems that a particularly unflattering letter was written about me by a Miss Perula in ‘What the Fans Think,’ ” said he, smiling. “I must have been in Europe at the time, for I didn’t see it. But for months afterward I read letters in Picture Play from other fans defending me. It was charming of them to be so concerned, and I certainly appreciate their good thoughts.

“At times I get discouraged, as we all do, and then I remember some one, perhaps some old lady over in London, who has written some nice thing about me, or to me, and it gives me new courage.” It is not surprising that Ramon’s fans are loyal and devoted. He is a grand person and a real artist.

by Madeline Glass
(Picture Play, September 1931)